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cos^4(x)+cos^3(x)-2=0

Solución

cos^{4} (x) + cos^{3} (x) - 2 = 0

Solución

x = 2 πn

Grados

x = 0^{\circ} + 36 0^{\circ} n

Pasos de solución

cos^{4} (x) + cos^{3} (x) - 2 = 0

Usando el método de sustitución

cos^{4} (x) + cos^{3} (x) - 2 = 0

Sea:

cos (x) = u

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2 = 0

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2 = 0 : u = 1, u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2 = 0

Factorizar

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2 : (u - 1) (u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2)

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2

Utilizar el teorema de la raíz racional

a_{0} = 2, a_{n} = 1

Los divisores de

a_{0} : 1, 2,

Los divisores de

a_{n} : 1

Por lo tanto, verificar los siguientes numeros racionales:

\pm \frac{1 , 2}{1}

\frac{1}{1}

es la raíz de la expresión, por lo tanto, factorizar

u - 1

= (u - 1) \frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1}

\frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} = u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2

\frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir

\frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} : \frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} = u^{3} + \frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir los coeficientes de los términos de mayor grado del numerador

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2

y el divisor

u - 1 : \frac{u ^{4}}{u} = u^{3}

Cociente = u^{3}

Multiplicar

u - 1

por

u^{3} : u^{4} - u^{3}

Substraer

u^{4} - u^{3}

u^{4} + u^{3} - 2

para obtener un nuevo residuo

Residuo = 2 u^{3} - 2

Por lo tanto

\frac{u ^{4} + u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} = u^{3} + \frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1}

= u^{3} + \frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir

\frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} : \frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} = 2 u^{2} + \frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir los coeficientes de los términos de mayor grado del numerador

2 u^{3} - 2

y el divisor

u - 1 : \frac{2 u ^{3}}{u} = 2 u^{2}

Cociente = 2 u^{2}

Multiplicar

u - 1

por

2 u^{2} : 2 u^{3} - 2 u^{2}

Substraer

2 u^{3} - 2 u^{2}

2 u^{3} - 2

para obtener un nuevo residuo

Residuo = 2 u^{2} - 2

Por lo tanto

\frac{2 u ^{3} - 2}{u - 1} = 2 u^{2} + \frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1}

= u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + \frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir

\frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1} : \frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1} = 2 u + \frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir los coeficientes de los términos de mayor grado del numerador

2 u^{2} - 2

y el divisor

u - 1 : \frac{2 u ^{2}}{u} = 2 u

Cociente = 2 u

Multiplicar

u - 1

por

2 u : 2 u^{2} - 2 u

Substraer

2 u^{2} - 2 u

2 u^{2} - 2

para obtener un nuevo residuo

Residuo = 2 u - 2

Por lo tanto

\frac{2 u ^{2} - 2}{u - 1} = 2 u + \frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1}

= u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + \frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1}

Dividir

\frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1} : \frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1} = 2

Dividir los coeficientes de los términos de mayor grado del numerador

2 u - 2

y el divisor

u - 1 : \frac{2 u}{u} = 2

Cociente = 2

Multiplicar

u - 1

por

2 : 2 u - 2

Substraer

2 u - 2

2 u - 2

para obtener un nuevo residuo

Residuo = 0

Por lo tanto

\frac{2 u - 2}{u - 1} = 2

= u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2

= (u - 1) (u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2)

(u - 1) (u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2) = 0

Utilizando el teorema de factor cero: si

ab = 0

entonces

a = 0

b = 0

u - 1 = 0 or u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2 = 0

Resolver

u - 1 = 0 : u = 1

u - 1 = 0

Mover

1

al lado derecho

u - 1 = 0

Sumar

1

a ambos lados

u - 1 + 1 = 0 + 1

Simplificar

u = 1

u = 1

Resolver

u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2 = 0 : u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2 = 0

Encontrar una solución para

u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2 = 0

utilizando el método de Newton-Raphson:

u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2 = 0

Definición del método de Newton-Raphson

f (u) = u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2

Hallar

f^{^{'}} (u) : 3 u^{2} + 4 u + 2

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3} + 2 u^{2} + 2 u + 2)

Aplicar la regla de la suma/diferencia:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) + \frac{d}{d u} (2 u^{2}) + \frac{d}{d u} (2 u) + \frac{d}{d u} (2)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) = 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3})

Aplicar la regla de la potencia:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 3 u^{3 - 1}

Simplificar

= 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u^{2}) = 4 u

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u^{2})

Sacar la constante:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 2 \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Aplicar la regla de la potencia:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 \cdot 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplificar

= 4 u

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u) = 2

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u)

Sacar la constante:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 2 \frac{d u}{d u}

Aplicar la regla de derivación:

\frac{d u}{d u} = 1

= 2 \cdot 1

Simplificar

= 2

\frac{d}{d u} (2) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (2)

Derivada de una constante:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 3 u^{2} + 4 u + 2 + 0

Simplificar

= 3 u^{2} + 4 u + 2

Sea

u_{0} = - 1

Calcular

u_{n + 1}

hasta que

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = - 2 : Δ u_{1} = 1

f (u_{0}) = (- 1)^{3} + 2 (- 1)^{2} + 2 (- 1) + 2 = 1

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 3 (- 1)^{2} + 4 (- 1) + 2 = 1

u_{1} = - 2

Δ u_{1} = ∣ - 2 - (- 1) ∣ = 1

Δ u_{1} = 1

u_{2} = - 1.66666 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 0.33333 \dots

f (u_{1}) = (- 2)^{3} + 2 (- 2)^{2} + 2 (- 2) + 2 = - 2

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 3 (- 2)^{2} + 4 (- 2) + 2 = 6

u_{2} = - 1.66666 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ - 1.66666 \dots - (- 2) ∣ = 0.33333 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 0.33333 \dots

u_{3} = - 1.55555 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 0.11111 \dots

f (u_{2}) = (- 1.66666 \dots)^{3} + 2 (- 1.66666 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 1.66666 \dots) + 2 = - 0.40740 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 3 (- 1.66666 \dots)^{2} + 4 (- 1.66666 \dots) + 2 = 3.66666 \dots

u_{3} = - 1.55555 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ - 1.55555 \dots - (- 1.66666 \dots) ∣ = 0.11111 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 0.11111 \dots

u_{4} = - 1.54381 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 0.01174 \dots

f (u_{3}) = (- 1.55555 \dots)^{3} + 2 (- 1.55555 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 1.55555 \dots) + 2 = - 0.03566 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 3 (- 1.55555 \dots)^{2} + 4 (- 1.55555 \dots) + 2 = 3.03703 \dots

u_{4} = - 1.54381 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ - 1.54381 \dots - (- 1.55555 \dots) ∣ = 0.01174 \dots

Δ u_{4} = 0.01174 \dots

u_{5} = - 1.54368 \dots : Δ u_{5} = 0.00012 \dots

f (u_{4}) = (- 1.54381 \dots)^{3} + 2 (- 1.54381 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 1.54381 \dots) + 2 = - 0.00036 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{4}) = 3 (- 1.54381 \dots)^{2} + 4 (- 1.54381 \dots) + 2 = 2.97481 \dots

u_{5} = - 1.54368 \dots

Δ u_{5} = ∣ - 1.54368 \dots - (- 1.54381 \dots) ∣ = 0.00012 \dots

Δ u_{5} = 0.00012 \dots

u_{6} = - 1.54368 \dots : Δ u_{6} = 1.34021 E - 8

f (u_{5}) = (- 1.54368 \dots)^{3} + 2 (- 1.54368 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 1.54368 \dots) + 2 = - 3.98601 E - 8

f^{^{'}} (u_{5}) = 3 (- 1.54368 \dots)^{2} + 4 (- 1.54368 \dots) + 2 = 2.97417 \dots

u_{6} = - 1.54368 \dots

Δ u_{6} = ∣ - 1.54368 \dots - (- 1.54368 \dots) ∣ = 1.34021 E - 8

Δ u_{6} = 1.34021 E - 8

u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

Aplicar la división larga

Eq u a t i o n 0 : \frac{u ^{3} + 2 u ^{2} + 2 u + 2}{u + 1.54368 \dots} = u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots

u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots \approx 0

Encontrar una solución para

u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots = 0

utilizando el método de Newton-Raphson:

Sin solución para

u \in R

u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots = 0

Definición del método de Newton-Raphson

f (u) = u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots

Hallar

f^{^{'}} (u) : 2 u + 0.45631 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2} + 0.45631 \dots u + 1.29559 \dots)

Aplicar la regla de la suma/diferencia:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) + \frac{d}{d u} (0.45631 \dots u) + \frac{d}{d u} (1.29559 \dots)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) = 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Aplicar la regla de la potencia:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplificar

= 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (0.45631 \dots u) = 0.45631 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (0.45631 \dots u)

Sacar la constante:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 0.45631 \dots \frac{d u}{d u}

Aplicar la regla de derivación:

\frac{d u}{d u} = 1

= 0.45631 \dots \cdot 1

Simplificar

= 0.45631 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (1.29559 \dots) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (1.29559 \dots)

Derivada de una constante:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 2 u + 0.45631 \dots + 0

Simplificar

= 2 u + 0.45631 \dots

Sea

u_{0} = - 3

Calcular

u_{n + 1}

hasta que

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = - 1.38976 \dots : Δ u_{1} = 1.61023 \dots

f (u_{0}) = (- 3)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 3) + 1.29559 \dots = 8.92666 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 2 (- 3) + 0.45631 \dots = - 5.54368 \dots

u_{1} = - 1.38976 \dots

Δ u_{1} = ∣ - 1.38976 \dots - (- 3) ∣ = 1.61023 \dots

Δ u_{1} = 1.61023 \dots

u_{2} = - 0.27368 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 1.11607 \dots

f (u_{1}) = (- 1.38976 \dots)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 1.38976 \dots) + 1.29559 \dots = 2.59286 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 2 (- 1.38976 \dots) + 0.45631 \dots = - 2.32321 \dots

u_{2} = - 0.27368 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ - 0.27368 \dots - (- 1.38976 \dots) ∣ = 1.11607 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 1.11607 \dots

u_{3} = 13.40427 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 13.67796 \dots

f (u_{2}) = (- 0.27368 \dots)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 0.27368 \dots) + 1.29559 \dots = 1.24561 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 2 (- 0.27368 \dots) + 0.45631 \dots = - 0.09106 \dots

u_{3} = 13.40427 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ 13.40427 \dots - (- 0.27368 \dots) ∣ = 13.67796 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 13.67796 \dots

u_{4} = 6.54245 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 6.86182 \dots

f (u_{3}) = 13.40427 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 13.40427 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 187.08678 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 2 \cdot 13.40427 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 27.26486 \dots

u_{4} = 6.54245 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ 6.54245 \dots - 13.40427 \dots ∣ = 6.86182 \dots

Δ u_{4} = 6.86182 \dots

u_{5} = 3.06531 \dots : Δ u_{5} = 3.47713 \dots

f (u_{4}) = 6.54245 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 6.54245 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 47.08466 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{4}) = 2 \cdot 6.54245 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 13.54121 \dots

u_{5} = 3.06531 \dots

Δ u_{5} = ∣ 3.06531 \dots - 6.54245 \dots ∣ = 3.47713 \dots

Δ u_{5} = 3.47713 \dots

u_{6} = 1.22979 \dots : Δ u_{6} = 1.83552 \dots

f (u_{5}) = 3.06531 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 3.06531 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 12.09048 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{5}) = 2 \cdot 3.06531 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 6.58693 \dots

u_{6} = 1.22979 \dots

Δ u_{6} = ∣ 1.22979 \dots - 3.06531 \dots ∣ = 1.83552 \dots

Δ u_{6} = 1.83552 \dots

u_{7} = 0.07434 \dots : Δ u_{7} = 1.15544 \dots

f (u_{6}) = 1.22979 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 1.22979 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 3.36914 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{6}) = 2 \cdot 1.22979 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 2.91589 \dots

u_{7} = 0.07434 \dots

Δ u_{7} = ∣ 0.07434 \dots - 1.22979 \dots ∣ = 1.15544 \dots

Δ u_{7} = 1.15544 \dots

u_{8} = - 2.13233 \dots : Δ u_{8} = 2.20668 \dots

f (u_{7}) = 0.07434 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 0.07434 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 1.33505 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{7}) = 2 \cdot 0.07434 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 0.60500 \dots

u_{8} = - 2.13233 \dots

Δ u_{8} = ∣ - 2.13233 \dots - 0.07434 \dots ∣ = 2.20668 \dots

Δ u_{8} = 2.20668 \dots

u_{9} = - 0.85371 \dots : Δ u_{9} = 1.27861 \dots

f (u_{8}) = (- 2.13233 \dots)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 2.13233 \dots) + 1.29559 \dots = 4.86943 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{8}) = 2 (- 2.13233 \dots) + 0.45631 \dots = - 3.80835 \dots

u_{9} = - 0.85371 \dots

Δ u_{9} = ∣ - 0.85371 \dots - (- 2.13233 \dots) ∣ = 1.27861 \dots

Δ u_{9} = 1.27861 \dots

u_{10} = 0.45300 \dots : Δ u_{10} = 1.30672 \dots

f (u_{9}) = (- 0.85371 \dots)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 0.85371 \dots) + 1.29559 \dots = 1.63486 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{9}) = 2 (- 0.85371 \dots) + 0.45631 \dots = - 1.25111 \dots

u_{10} = 0.45300 \dots

Δ u_{10} = ∣ 0.45300 \dots - (- 0.85371 \dots) ∣ = 1.30672 \dots

Δ u_{10} = 1.30672 \dots

u_{11} = - 0.80037 \dots : Δ u_{11} = 1.25338 \dots

f (u_{10}) = 0.45300 \dots^{2} + 0.45631 \dots \cdot 0.45300 \dots + 1.29559 \dots = 1.70752 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{10}) = 2 \cdot 0.45300 \dots + 0.45631 \dots = 1.36232 \dots

u_{11} = - 0.80037 \dots

Δ u_{11} = ∣ - 0.80037 \dots - 0.45300 \dots ∣ = 1.25338 \dots

Δ u_{11} = 1.25338 \dots

u_{12} = 0.57232 \dots : Δ u_{12} = 1.37269 \dots

f (u_{11}) = (- 0.80037 \dots)^{2} + 0.45631 \dots (- 0.80037 \dots) + 1.29559 \dots = 1.57098 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{11}) = 2 (- 0.80037 \dots) + 0.45631 \dots = - 1.14444 \dots

u_{12} = 0.57232 \dots

Δ u_{12} = ∣ 0.57232 \dots - (- 0.80037 \dots) ∣ = 1.37269 \dots

Δ u_{12} = 1.37269 \dots

No se puede encontrar solución

La solución es

u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

Las soluciones son

u = 1, u \approx - 1.54368 \dots

Sustituir en la ecuación

u = cos (x)

cos (x) = 1, cos (x) \approx - 1.54368 \dots

cos (x) = 1, cos (x) \approx - 1.54368 \dots

cos (x) = 1 : x = 2 πn

cos (x) = 1

Soluciones generales para

cos (x) = 1

cos (x)

tabla de valores periódicos con

2 πn

intervalos:

x 0 \frac{π}{6} \frac{π}{4} \frac{π}{3} \frac{π}{2} \frac{2 π}{3} \frac{3 π}{4} \frac{5 π}{6} cos (x) 1 \frac{3}{2} \frac{2}{2} \frac{1}{2} 0 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{2}{2} - \frac{3}{2} x π \frac{7 π}{6} \frac{5 π}{4} \frac{4 π}{3} \frac{3 π}{2} \frac{5 π}{3} \frac{7 π}{4} \frac{11 π}{6} cos (x) - 1 - \frac{3}{2} - \frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2} 0 \frac{1}{2} \frac{2}{2} \frac{3}{2}

x = 0 + 2 πn

x = 0 + 2 πn

Resolver

x = 0 + 2 πn : x = 2 πn

x = 0 + 2 πn

0 + 2 πn = 2 πn

x = 2 πn

x = 2 πn

cos (x) = - 1.54368 \dots :

Sin solución

cos (x) = - 1.54368 \dots

- 1 \leq cos (x) \leq 1

Sin soluci \overset{o}{ˊ} n

Combinar toda las soluciones

x = 2 πn

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